Mechanism LabONCHAIN MECHANICS
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ONCHAIN SYSTEMS · COURSE 001

How Does a Chain Know What Happened in Reality?

Start with a potentially wrong report and see why an oracle is more than an API—and why price cannot repair a bad fact.

4 lessonsabout 52 minbeginner friendly
Start lesson oneOpen sandbox ↗
COURSE EXAMPLEWho can prove that reality has happened?

We break the gap between the chain and the outside world into sources, reports, challenge windows, and arbitration so every trust assumption has a state and a cost.

PARTICIPANTS
  • SRCSource: provide an observation from outside the chain
  • REPReporter: submit a result with a bond
  • CHLChallenger: risk a bond to contest the report
  • ARBArbitrator: read evidence and decide payout
COURSE OUTLINE

One question per lesson

The lessons are ordered so that each one uses concepts introduced earlier.

  1. 01
    REPORT · CHALLENGE · FINALIZE

    Code Cannot See Outside the Window

    KEY QUESTIONWhy can an honest oracle reporter still be wrong?

    Let a reporter, challenger, and arbitrator complete one round of bringing a real-world result onchain.

    Data sourceOracleChallenge windowEconomic bondDispute arbitration
    12 MIN
    →
  2. 02
    SOURCE · EVIDENCE · REPORT

    Why Is One API Result Not Enough?

    KEY QUESTIONWhy aren’t ten APIs necessarily more decentralized than one?

    Switch between reliable, conflicting, and ambiguous sources to separate data quality, reporters, and real-world evidence.

    Data qualityCross-source verificationEvidenceReporter
    13 MIN
    →
  3. 03
    CHALLENGE · BOND · ARBITRATION

    Why Give a Wrong Report a Rebuttal Window?

    KEY QUESTIONIs a larger oracle bond always safer?

    Lock opposite outcomes and watch time and economic loss create room for correction.

    Challenge windowEconomic bondArbitrationAttack cost
    14 MIN
    →
  4. 04
    FINALIZE · HANDOFF · FAILURE

    How Does a Final Result Reach the Market Safely?

    KEY QUESTIONWhy doesn’t FINAL mean absolutely true?

    Hand a final result to a prediction market and compare correct reports, unchallenged errors, and dispute correction.

    Final resultSettlement handoffOracle riskDownstream dependency
    13 MIN
    →
WHAT IT COVERS

Questions covered in this course

01

Why are the source, initial report, and final result different things?

02

How does a challenge window leave time to correct a wrong report?

03

How does an economic bond turn being wrong into a real loss?

04

Why can an unchallenged wrong report still settle a market, and how should handoff be audited?